Hanna-instruments HI 904 Manual do Utilizador descarregar pdf (Página 167)

TITRATION THEORY

3 INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION APPARATUS AND TYPICAL

TITRATION PROCEDURE

3.1 Manual Titration

Apparatus required for manual titration include:

• Volumetric Burette, for precisely controlled delivery of titrant to the reaction vessel;

• An Erlenmeyer, or similar flask, that facilitates constant mixing or swirling required to

ensure solution homogeneity;

• Volumetric pipettes for the precise addition of samples and indicator solutions;

• Standard titrant solutions of known concentration;

• A visual or instrumental indicator for detecting the completion of the reaction.

A typical manual titration consists of the following steps:

1. A volumetric pipette is typically used to add a known volume of sample to the flask;

2. An indicator solution or instrument probe is added to the flask;

3. A burette is used to measure the addition of titrant to the flask and dispense titrant in

a controlled manner;

4. Titrant is added via the burette until the method indication signals the reaction endpoint;

5. The concentration of analyte is calculated based on the concentration and volume of

titrant required to reach the endpoint and the reaction stoichiometry.

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Hanna-instruments HI 904 Manual do Utilizador Página 167